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Sentence Equivalence questions on the GRE have an interesting twist compared to other fill-in-the-blank questions: There are six answer choices, and two of them are correct. 

The judge dismissed Steffen’s lawsuit, ruling that since Steffen had been the first to _____________ the contract, the company he was suing was no longer obligated to uphold the provisions of the original agreement.

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The answer choices are marked not with letters (for example, choices A–F), but with checkboxes. Throughout the exam (in math, too), the GRE uses circular buttons for questions that have just one correct answer and square checkboxes to indicate questions that have more than one correct answer.

To get a Sentence Equivalence question correct, you must select both correct answers. There is no partial credit. In the previous question, the correct answer is breach and abrogate , which both mean “fail to do what is required by.”

Take a look at what Educational Testing Service (ETS) has to say about the approach for this question type. According to ETS:

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Like Text Completion questions, Sentence Equivalence questions test the ability to reach a conclusion about how a passage should be completed on the basis of partial information, but to a greater extent they focus on the meaning of the completed whole. Sentence Equivalence questions consist of a single sentence with just one blank, and they ask you to find two choices that both lead to a complete, coherent sentence and that produce sentences that mean the same thing.

Success on a Sentence Equivalence question can depend on hard vocabulary words in the answer choices or on hard vocabulary words or complex sentence construction in the sentence itself. Sometimes, success hinges on both of these things at once.

Although the idea of two correct answers is an interesting test-making twist, it doesn’t necessarily make the questions any harder for you. In fact, it opens up the strategic tool of Answer Choice Analysis, which will be explained in this chapter.

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There are two main methods of attack for a Sentence Equivalence question, both of which will be reviewed in Manhattan Prep’s GRE Verbal Strategies book:

It is very important to understand that the sentences are not anything like sentences pulled from a newspaper, with a few words blanked out. In such a real-life case, you might not be able to fill in the missing word, since a lot of the necessary context would be contained in other surrounding sentences, not in the one sentence you were given.

On the GRE, all of that necessary context has to be provided in the one sentence you’re reading. In fact, the GRE has to go further: The test makers have to write sentences containing definitive proof for the meaning that has to fit in the blank. If that weren’t the case, the problem would not have two objectively correct answers and four objectively incorrect answers.

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It’s not just context or support. It’s proof . The proof is always there. Your task is to learn how to spot it.

Don’t let yourself get distracted by the answer choices. The four wrong answers are in fact called distractors by the test makers. Don’t let the distractors do their job too early.

The sentence will give you specific words that help to determine what must go in the blank. This can happen in a positive way (the blank is a synonym of or goes along with something described in the sentence) or a negative way (the blank contrasts with or goes against something described in the sentence).

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You can typically narrow down the proof to a couple of key phrases, including anything opinionated or dramatic, as well as signal words that tell you the relationship between that opinionated stuff and the blank.

When you write down your fill-in, try to reuse and recycle text you’ve just been studying in the sentence. Don’t add new ideas. Manhattan Prep’s GRE Verbal Strategies book offers a full section entitled How to Write Good Fill-Ins in the Text Completion chapter, and the same concepts apply to Sentence Equivalence.

Once you have your own fill-in, you can check the answer choices. You’re ready to handle and dismiss those tempting distractors (i.e., wrong answers).

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The blank is about something that happened to the water supply. What do you know about that supply? You know that toxic substances seeped into it—that’s a very strong and very negative word. There is no reversal signal (like but or however ) that sends the meaning in the opposite direction. If you had to pick a single word as proof for the blank, the word toxic is the word to choose.

The correct answer is adulterated and vitiated . Adulterated means “contaminated, ” and vitiated means “spoiled, made defective, corrupted.” (In the incorrect answers, truncated and abridged both mean roughly the same thing; “shortened.” Adumbrated means “outlined or sketched lightly, ” and abashed means “made to feel shame.”)

Unlike the more genial researchers, who often went out together after work, the __________ Dr. Spicer believed that socializing was nothing more than a distraction, and thus made few friends at the lab.

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The blank is describing Dr. Spicer. A key signal is the word Unlike , which sets up a comparison between the more genial researchers and the ________ Dr. Spicer . 

Since the two are unlike , the blank should be something that means less genial , in contrast to the more genial folks.

Your fill-in could actually be less genial . Recycle language whenever possible; that’s the safest habit to adopt for both Sentence Equivalence and Text Completion. Once you get comfortable recycling the proof right into your fill-in, you’ll find the process both easier to carry out and more effective. It’s actually less work than coming up with new words and you’ll be much less likely to fall into the trap of bringing in any new, unsupported idea!

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It’s okay, though, to put down less friendly , simplifying from “genial” a bit. You can even write something decidedly negative like unfriendly .

The answer is standoffish and glacial . Both words can mean “emotionally cold and distant.” (Glacial can also mean “slow, physically cold, or pertaining to glaciers.”) Both are a good enough match to less genial to be the winners.

What about the four wrong answers? Sedulous and assiduous mean “hardworking or persistent.” Baneful means “harmful, ” and partisan means “biased, in favor of only one’s own side or party.”

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When ETS introduced the Sentence Equivalence format, most people’s natural response was, “So we pick a pair of synonyms, right?” ETS officials insist that the two correct answers don’t have to be precise synonyms:

Do not simply look among the answer choices for two words that mean the same thing. This can be misleading for two reasons. First, the answer choices may contain pairs of words that mean the same thing but do not fit coherently into the sentence, and thus do not constitute a correct answer. Second, the pair of words that do constitute the correct answer may not mean exactly the same thing, since all that matters is that the resultant sentences mean the same thing.

Hmm. When the two correct answers are inserted into the sentence, the resulting sentences mean the same thing? Sounds like those words would have to be pretty close, right?

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Since Miriam “quit her job, ” you are looking for something negative to fill in the blank. There are only two negative answer choices: boring and stressful . These two words certainly are not synonyms, although each makes sense in the sentence.

Theoretically, could the GRE ask a question like this one? Yes, theoretically . However, there is little evidence for this degree of loose construction on the real GRE because almost anything can fit the blank, as long as it’s negative.

A question like this one, in which the correct choices really aren’t synonyms but share some key feature, would have to have answers that fall into pretty easily distinguishable categories (e.g., something bad versus something good or at least not bad). Such questions would typically be easy to answer correctly.

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What seems to be going on is that the GRE is being overly respectful of the English language. To quote the famous science-fiction writer Theodore Sturgeon, “There are no synonyms.” 

In other words, subtleties of meaning technically separate any two words you find listed

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